polaris snowmobile parts maine
North Pole
A precise definition
See also: Polar motion
Earth on its axis of rotation and therefore the position of Polo North is generally accepted to be fixed (relative to the surface of the Earth) until, in the 18th century, the mathematician Leonhard Euler predicted that the axis might "wobble" a little. In the early 20th astronomers noticed a small apparent "variation of latitude" as determined by a fixed point on Earth observation stars. Some of this variation can be attributed to a wandering of the pole on the surface of the Earth, a series of meters. The wandering has several periodic components and a component irregular. The component with a period of about 435 days are identified with the eight months wandering predicted by Euler and is now called the Chandler wobble after its discoverer. Point exact intersection of the axis of the Earth and the Earth's surface at a given time is called the "instant center, but due to the swing" this can not be used as a fixed definition of a North Pole (or South Pole) where the meter-scale precision is required.
It is appropriate to link the system of the Earth coordinates (latitude, longitude and altitude or topography) of land fixed. Of course, plate tectonics, isostasy, and since there is no system in which all geographic features are fixed. However, the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems and the International Astronomical Union has defined a framework of the International Terrestrial Reference.
Expeditions
See also: Arctic exploration to the north and the list of expeditions in the Arctic
Pre-1900
From the sixteenth century many prominent correctly believes that the North Pole was in a sea that, in the nineteenth century has been called the Polynia or Open Polar Sea. It was therefore expected that the passage can be found through the ice, sometimes good years. Several expeditions have tried to find a way, generally with whaling, and are commonly used in cold latitudes the north.
One of the first shipments with the explicit intention of reaching the North Pole was that of a British naval officer William Edward Parry, who in 1827 became latitude to 8245. In 1871 Polaris expedition, an American attempt at the Pole led by Charles Francis Hall, ended in disaster. An expedition led by Officer 18791881 the United States Navy, George Washington DeLong also ended in tragedy when their ship, the USS Jeannette was crushed by ice. More than half of the crew, including DeLong, are lost.
Nansen's ship Fram in the Arctic ice
In 1895 April, the Norwegian explorer Fridtjof Nansen and Hjalmar Johansen Fredrik striped Polo skis after leaving Fram Nansen ship trapped in ice. The couple arrived in the latitude of the North 8614, before abandoning the attempt and went south to reach Earth Francisco Joseph.
In 1897, the Swedish engineer Andrew Solomon in August and two companions tried to reach the North Pole in a balloon of hydrogen NSNR ("Eagle"), but were blocked 300 km north of Kvitya, the northernmost part of the archipelago of Svalbard, and perished on this lonely island. In 1930, the remains of this expedition were found Bratvaag by Norwegian shipping.
The Italian explorer Luigi Amedeo, Duke of Abruzzi and Italy captain Umberto Cagni the Royal Navy (Regia Marina) sailed the whaler Stella become Polare of Norway in 1899. On March 11, 1900 Cagni led a party on the ice and reached the latitude 86 34 25 April set a new record after 1895 Nansen beat from 35 to 40 kilometers. Cagni barely made it back to camp, where he remained until June 23. On August 16 Polare Stella left the island Rudolf south and the expedition returned to Norway.
19001940
American explorer Frederick Albert Cook claimed to have reached the North Pole Etukishook April 21, 1908 with two men Inuit, and Ahwelah, but could not provide convincing evidence and its implementation is not widely accepted.
Peary sledge Party "at the North Pole" 1909. From left to right: Ooqueah, Ootah, Henson, Egingwah, Seeglo.
The conquest of the North Pole has been for many years in the credit of the United States Navy engineer Robert Peary, who claimed to have reached Polo April 6, 1909, accompanied by American Matthew Henson and four Inuit men named Ootah, and Ooqueah Seeglo Egingwah. However, the statement Peary remains controversial. The party that accompanied Peary on the final stage of the journey included no one who was trained in navigation and could independently confirm its own work of navigation, some of whom claim to have been particularly neglected as it approached the pole.
The distances and speeds that Peary claimed to have achieved once the last support party turned seem incredible to many people, almost three times what has been accomplished to this point. Peary story of a journey to the Pole and back while moving along the direct line of the only strategy consistent with the time constraints faced by the account is in contradiction Henson with tortuous detours to avoid pressure ridges and open leads.
British explorer Wally Herbert, first supporter of research on issues of Peary Peary in 1989 and concluded that it must have been falsified and that Peary did not reach the pole. Support Peary came again in 2005, however, when the British explorer Tom Avery and four companions recreated the outward journey of Peary with replica wooden sleds and Canadian Eskimo Dog teams, reaching the North Pole in 36 days 22 hours, about five hours faster than Peary. Avery wrote on his website that "The admiration and respect I wish that Robert Peary, Matthew Henson and four Inuit men who ventured North in 1909, has increased significantly since leaving Cape Columbia. After seeing for myself how he traveled through the ice, I am more convinced than ever that Peary had discovered the North Pole. "
The first flight was on the pole was held on May 9 1926 by an American naval officer Richard E. Byrd and Floyd Bennett, pilot of a Fokker tri-motor. Although verified at the time of the U.S. Navy and a committee of the National Geographic Society, this assertion has been questioned.
The first observation was the undisputed center May 12, 1926 by Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen and his American sponsor Lincoln Ellsworth from the airship Norge. Norge, despite belonging to Norway, was designed and piloted by the Italian Umberto Nobile. The flight started from Svalbard and crossed the layer Ice Alaska. Nobile, with several scientists and crew of the Norge, flew over the Pole a second time May 24, 1928 in the airship Italia. Italy crashed his return pole, with the loss of half of the crew.
19402000
In May 1945 an expedition MAR Aries Lancaster became the first aircraft to fly through the north of the Commonwealth and true magnetic north pole. The plane was piloted by David Cecil McKinley Royal Air Army. Carried a crew of 11 men, by Kenneth C. Maclure of the Royal Canadian Air Force in charge of all scientific observations. In 2006, Maclure was honored with a place in the Canadian Aviation Hall of Fame.
Peary's claim issue discount, the first men to set foot on the North Pole were, according to some sources, a party of the Soviet Union. These are variously including Pavel Gordiyenko (or Geordiyenko) and three or five, or Aleksandr Kuznetsov and 23 others who landed a plane (or planes), on April 23, 1948. By Antarctica.org, three Li-2 aircraft landed, with a total of seven men.
On May 3, 1952, the U.S. Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Joseph O. Fletcher and Lieutenant William P. Benedict XVI and the scientist Albert P. Crary, landed a modified C-47 Skytrain at the North Pole. Some sources consider this (instead of the Soviet mission) for the first landing at the Pole.
Skate ASU 1959 at the North Pole
The United States Navy submarine USS Nautilus (SSN-571) crossed the North Pole and August 3, 1958 March 17, 1959, the USS Skate (SSN-578) surface at the pole, becoming the first naval vessel to do so.
Cancellation request Peary first surface confirmed the conquest of the North Pole was that of Ralph Plaisted, Walt Pederson, Gerry Pitzl and Bombardier, Jean-Luc, who traveled in the snow and ice came April 19, 1968. The air U.S. Forces confirmed its position independently.
On April 6, 1969, Wally Herbert and companions Allan Gill, Roy Koerner and Kenneth Hedges of British Trans-Arctic expedition has become the first man to reach the North Pole on foot (but with the help of dog teams and air drops). They continued to complete first surface crossing of the Arctic Ocean and its major axis, Barrow, Alaska, to Spitsbergen, a feat never repeated. Because Plaisted suggestions for the use of transport air, some sources classify the issuance Herbert confirmed as the first to reach the North Pole on the ice surface, by any means.
Memorial in honor of icebreaker Arktika conquered the North Pole in 1977 in the lobby of the Museum of Local Lore Murmansk region
On August 17, 1977, the Soviet icebreaker propulsion Nuclear Arktika made the trip from the vessel surface for the first time the North Pole.
In 1982, Sir Ranulph Fiennes and Charles Burton became the first to cross Arctic Ocean in a season. They left Cape Crozier, Ellesmere Island, February 17, 1982 and reached the geographic North Pole April 10, 1982. They traveled on foot and by snowmobile. From the pole, traveling south of Svalbard, but due to the unstable nature of the ice, put an end to the transition to the ice edge, which comes south on an ice floe for 99 days. They were finally able to walk to his ship Submission "MV Benjamin Bowring and arrested August 4, 1982 at 80:31 N 0:59 W Position A Following this trip, which formed a section Transglobe Expedition three years 19791982, Fiennes and Burton were the first to complete a world tour through both North and South poles, Travels in a single layer. This achievement remains unchallenged to date.
On September 7, 1991, the German research vessel Polarstern and the icebreaker Swedish Oden reached the North Pole as the first of conventionally powered ships .. Both scientists and crew parties oceanographic and geological samples Common had a tug of war and a football game on ice. Polarstern reached the pole more than exactly 10 years later with the USCGC Healy.
Century 21
Charlotte North Pole in 2005 u $ s
In recent years, travel to the North Pole by air (helicopter or a prepared runway ice) or ice-breakers have become relatively common, and even the reach of small groups of tourists through adventure holiday companies.
In 2005, U.S. Navy submarine USS Charlotte (SSN-766 surface) to 155 cm (61 inches) of ice at the North Pole and spent 18 hours, y.
In April 2007 the Dutch artist Guido van der Werve show created a work of art at the North Pole. By standing exactly at the pole for 24 hours and turning slowly clockwise (the earth rotates to the left) while from his own shadow, Van der Werve literally does not work with the world one day. This performance is called "Number Negen [Dutch Number Nine] the day they do not become the world. "Van der Werve the time 24 hours 9 minutes.
In July 2007, British endurance swimmer Lewis Gordon Pugh has completed is only 1 km swim at the North Pole. His feat, undertaken to highlight the effects of climate change has occurred in the clear water that had opened between the icebergs. His last attempt to kayak to North Pole in late 2008, following the erroneous prediction of clean water for the pole, was thwarted when their issue was trapped in heavy ice, after only three days. The expedition was abandoned.
A 2007 episode of BBC Top Gear car show, whose host have been described as a route to the North Pole, "was actually an expedition to the Magnetic North Pole position in 1996.
2007 descent to the seabed North Pole
Main article: Arktika 2007
On August 2, 2007, a Russian precision Vasu [edit] was the first manned descent to the bottom of the Polar Sea North, at a depth of 4.3 km, as part of a research program to support the 2001 Russian territorial claim over a wide swath of the Arctic Ocean. The decline took place in two MIR submersibles and was directed by Soviet Russia and polar explorer Arthur Chilingarov. In a symbolic gesture, the Russian flag was placed at the bottom of sea to the exact position of the post.
Shipping is the latest in a series of several decades of success to show that Russia is the dominant influence in the Arctic. Global warming and the Arctic summer sea ice retreat suddenly turned the attention of countries from China to the United States to the top of the world where resources and shipping routes soon be usable.
Day and night
See also Midnight Sun and the polar night
In the North Pole the sun is constantly above the horizon during the summer months and permanently in the sky during the winter months. Sunrise just before the spring equinox (Around March 19), the sun takes three months to reach a peak elevation of about 23 in the summer solstice (around June 21), after which it began to run to get the sunset just after the autumnal equinox (around September 24). When the sun is visible in the polar sky, which seems to move in a circle upper right horizon. This circle is gradually raised from near the horizon, just after the spring equinox to its maximum height (degrees) above the horizon during the summer solstice and then sinks into the horizon before sinking below it in the Fall Equinox.
A period of civil twilight for about two weeks occurs before sunrise and after sunset, a period of approximately five weeks Nautical twilight before this increase takes the product and after sunset and astronomical twilight period of about seven weeks before departure and after sunset.
These effects are caused by a combination of the tilt of Earth's axis and its revolution around the sun. The slope direction Earth's axis and its angle to the plane of Earth's orbit around Sun, remains almost constant during one year (two evolve very slowly over long periods). In midsummer the north to the North Pole is facing the sun in its maximum. As the year progresses and the Earth moves around the Sun, the North Pole moves away from the sun until the middle of winter, is nearly opposite the Sun at its maximum. A sequence is similar in the South Pole, to a time difference of six months.
Weather
In most places on Earth, the date is determined by length, so that when the day is more or less synchronized with the position of the sun in the sky (for example, at noon, the sun is almost at its maximum). This line reasoning does not take the North Pole where the sun rises and sets only once a year, and all lines of longitude, so all time zones converge. There is no presence permanent human at the North Pole, and no particular time zone, has been assigned. polar expeditions can use any time zone that is convenient, as GMT time zone departed the country.
Climate
withdrawn from the Arctic in 2007 compared to 2005 and also by an average of 1979-2000.
The North Pole is considerably hotter than the south pole, as it is at sea level in the middle of an ocean (which acts as a reservoir of heat), rather than altitude in a land mass.
Winter (January), temperatures at the North Pole can range from about 43 C (45 F) to 26 C (15 F), perhaps with an average of 34 C (30 F). Summer temperatures (June, July and August) an average of around freezing point (0 ° C, 32 F).
Sea ice at the North Pole is typically around two or three meters thick, although there considerable variation and sometimes the movement of floes exposes clear water. Studies showed that the average thickness of ice has decreased in recent years. Many attributed this decline to global warming, although this conclusion is disputed by some. Reports have also predicted that within a few decades the Arctic Ocean will be completely free of ice during the summer months. This may have important commercial implications, see "Land Reclamation", more forward.
Flora and fauna
Polar bears are rarely thought to travel beyond North about 82 due to food shortages, although the subjects were seen near the pole Del Norte, and an expedition in 2006 reported sighting of a polar bear a mile (1.6 kilometers) from the pole. The ringed seal has also been observed and foxes Polo Arctic have been observed in the 60 km at 8940 N.
The birds seen on or very near the pole are the Snow Bunting, Fulmar and Kittiwake, though some sightings of birds may be distorted by the tendency of birds to track ships and shipping.
The fish were observed in the waters of the North Pole, but they are probably few. A member of the Russian team that descended toward the North Pole in August 2007 reported seeing all the marine animals that live there. However, more informed late that the sea anemone collected in the mud of the seabed by the Russian team and video recordings of immersion showed unidentified shrimp and amphipods.
Territorial claims regions of the North Pole and the Arctic
Main article: Territorial claims in the Arctic
Under international law, no country currently owns the North Pole or the Arctic Ocean region surrounding it. The five countries bordering the Arctic, Russia, Canada, Norway, Denmark (via Greenland), and the United States (via Alaska), are limited to one nautical mile of 200 miles (370 km, 230 km) exclusive economic zone around their coasts, and the area beyond which is administered by the International Seabed Authority Marine.
Upon ratification of the Convention Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, a country has a period of ten years to make claims to extend its zone of 200 miles. Norway (ratified the Convention 1996), Russia (ratified in 1997), Canada (ratified in 2003) and Denmark (ratified in 2004) have all launched projects based claims some areas Arctic should belong to its territory.
Cultural Associations
In some Western cultures, the geographic North Pole home of Santa Claus. Canada Post has assigned postal code H0H 0H0 to the North Pole (in reference to Santa Claus traditional exclamation "Ho-ho-ho!").
This partnership reflects a mythology esoteric ancient Hyperborea, which postulates the North Pole, beyond the world of the shaft, as the abode of God and superhuman beings (see Joscelyn Godwin, Arktos: The Polar Myth). The popular figure of Santa Claus living polo therefore functions as an esoteric spiritual archetype of purity and transcendence (). As Henry Corbin has documented, the North Pole is a key role in the cultural worldview of esoteric Sufism and Iranian mysticism. "The results of the mystical East East, which can be displayed on our maps, is in the north, beyond the north. "The group also identified with a mysterious mountain in the Arctic Ocean, called Mount Qaf (see RUPES Nigra), whose ascent, like Dante's climbing the mountain of Purgatory is, Pilgrim's Progress through the states spiritual. In Iranian theosophy, the celestial pole, the focal point of spiritual ascent, acts as a magnet for people from his palace on fire "with matter immaterial. "
Fantasy Flight will often refer to a flight to the North Pole for the same reasons.
See also
South Pole
Exploration Arctic
Polaris
Inuit Circumpolar Council
Arctic Council
Arctic Circle
Biome
North Pole, Alaska
Global warming
Santa Claus
References
^ Russian sub plants flag at North Pole, Reuters, August 2, 2007
^ John K. Geographical Wright Journal, vol. 43, No. 3. (July 1953), pp. 338-365 "The open polar sea"
^ B. Henderson (2005) True North & WW Norton ISBN 0393 32 738 8 Company
^ Http: / / www.heritage.nf.ca / scan / pearyfrontis.html
^ Obituary, The Independent June 16, 2007
^ Tom Avery, accessed May 2007
^ North Pole Flight of Richard E. Byrd: An Overview of the Controversy, Byrd Polar Research Center at Ohio University
Flights Arles ^ 1945, Hugh A. Halliday, Legion Magazine
^ Guinness World Records, 1998 edition
^ A Brief Chronology of the approaches to the Poles, RK Headland, DIO Vol. 4 N º 3
^ Brief History of the approach towards the poles, Scott Polar Research Institute
^ Antarctica.org
^ Aviation History Facts, U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission
^ Obituary Sir Wally Herbert, Times Online, June 13, 2007
Ab ^ Obituary of Sir Wally Herbert, Guardian Unlimited June 15, 2007
^ Northpolewomen.com
Ftterer ^ D. et al. (1992) The expedition ARK-VIII / 3 of RV Polarstern in 1991 Reports on Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 107, 267 pp, HDL: 10013/epic.10107.d001 (PDF 6.4 MB)
^ Thiede, J. et al. (2002) Polarstern Arktis XVII / 2 Speed Report: AMORE 2001 (Arctic Expedition ocean ridge), Research Reports Polar and Marine, Bremerhaven, 421, 390 pp, HDL: 10013/epic.10426.d001 (pdf 8 MB)
Milestone ^ USS Charlotte is placed on ice for transport, kiosk Navy page website, accessed May 2007
^ Artist's website
^ Swimmer rises to Arctic Challenge, BBC News, July 15, 2007
^ BBC Top Gear production notes (Polar Special)
^ (Russian) press release dated July 9, 2007 Aari
Ab ^ Russian sub plants flag pole N, BBC News, August 2, 2007
^ (In Russian) News video of Russian descent to North Pole background
^ BBC News video of Russian origin background of the North Pole
^ The Russian North Obsession perch, the New York Times, August 2, 2007
^ The Big Melt, The New York Times, October 2005
^ A question of Sciences of the week " Goddard Space Center
^ Beyond "Polar Express: Summary from the North Pole Real, National Geographic News
Ab ^ top of the world: The North Pole for water?, John L. Daly
^ "The Arctic ice thickness drops to 19 percent," Daily Telegraph, October 28, 2008
^ Ice Marine Arctic 'faces rapid melt', BBC News in December 2006
^ Polar Bear - Population and distribution, WWF, January 2007
Explorers blog ^ ', Greenpeace Project Thin Ice, July 1, 2006
^ Seal Surrounded made his home in the ice, Antti Halkka
^ The Arctic fox, Magnus Tannerfeldt
^ Ab further north polar bears (Ursus maritimus)
^ "From the North Sea Anemone Polish name of most species of the North", The Observer August 2, 2009
^ "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Annex 2, Section 4). Http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/annex2.htm. Retrieved on 26/07/2007.
Abcd ^ http://www.un.org/Depts/los/reference_files/status2007.pdf
^ The battle for the next frontier of energy: The Expedition polar Russian and the future of Arctic Hydrocarbons, by Shamil and Timothy Fenton Yenikeyeff Midkhatovich Krysiek, Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, August 2007
^ "Canada Post Launches 24th Annual Santa Program letters, Canada Post press release November 15, 2006
^ Corbin, The Man of Light in Iranian Sufism, trans. N. Pearson, 1978
^ Ibid., P. 44
^ Ibid., P. 11
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to the North Pole
Arctic Council
The Northern Forum
North Pole Travel Guide Wikitravel
North Pole Web Cam
The short Arctic summer of 2004
The surprise was the 2003 Arctic
Consideration of surface melting from 2002 to present revealed by the North Pole Web Cam
Questions about the Arctic and the North Pole
Polar Controversies continue to plague Roderick Eime article
magnetic poles locations since 1600 Download the KMZ file. For users of Google Earth.
Polar Race, a race biennially to the position in 1996 certified the Magnetic North Pole
The Polar Challenge an annual race to the Magnetic North Pole
Daylight, darkness and change of seasons at the North Pole
Video of the scientists on the ice at the North Pole and begins to crack underfoot
Experts warn North Pole will "Free of ice by 2040
Goudarzi, Sara, "Meltdown: Ice Cracks at North Pole." September 2006, at LiveScience,> Web> Link, Accessed January 29, 2007.
"The North Pole was here: puzzles and perils at the top of the world (first chapter)"
Video of the icebreaker nuclear Yamal visiting the North Pole in 2001
Polar Discovery: Central North Pole Expedition
Categories: Extreme points Earth | Geography of Canada | Polish Navigation | | Geography of ArcticHidden Categories: Cities in Wikipedia | be clarified in March 2009 About the Author
I am a professional editor from
China Suppliers
, and my work is to promote a free online trade platform.
http://www.frbiz.com/ contain a great deal of information about
phase converter plans
,
24v power inverter
welcome to visit!
Maine Snowmobile, Hill climb drifting, tailwalks, Intro
 |
No items matching your keywords were found.
| We did not find any matches for your request. |
